What is Computer ?

Computer

A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications.

Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as “computers.” However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

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what is environmental geography

Meaning of Environmental Geography

‘Environmental geography is basically the study of Environment’. If this is so, why it should not be termed as “geography of environment” ? The answer is easy, the term of Environmental geography lays more emphasis on man-environment relationships.Probably K. Hewitt and F. K. Hare first used the term of  ‘environmental geography’ in Man and Environment.

Environmental Geography definition -: Define Environmental Geography

Environmental geography is the study of systematic description of different components of environment and interactions of man with these components.

Thus the definition of Environmental geography may be further broadened as follows:

“Environmental geography is the study of characteristic features of various components of the Environment, the interactions between and among the components in a geoecosystem in terms of ecosystem of varying spatial and temporal scales.”

Savindra Singh  defined Environmental Geography in 1989 as follows :

“Thus broadly speaking, environmental geography may be defined as the study of spatial attributes of interrelationships between living organisms and natural environment in general and between technologically advanced ‘economic man’ and his natural environment in particular in temporal and spatial framework.”

The final definition of environmental geography may be formulated as follows :

“environmental geography may be defined as that branch of geography  which studies the characteristics, compositions and functions of different components of the natural environmental system, mutual interdependence  of different components, various processes that link the components, the interactions of different components with each other and among themselves and consequent responses (environmental problems) in spatial and temporal context in terms of ‘geoecosystem.’ as well as interactions of technologically advanced ‘economic man’ with different components of natural ‘geoecosystem’ and resultant modifications and changes in the natural geoecosystem leading to environmental degradation and pollution, the techniques and strategies of pollution control measures and management of ecological resources” .

-(Savindra Singh,1989)

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Why Research ?

Why Research-

Research- search for knowledge, is the process of inquiry and discovery.

• The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods and systems for the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge.

• Approaches to research depend on epistemologies (Knowledge Science), which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences.

Why Do We Research -

• We do research for explain something.
• we do research for explore something.
• We do research for describe something.
• We do research to learn something new.
• we do research to developing critical thinking.
• we do research for the development of our conditions.
• We do research for knowing and understanding the world.

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Types of Research

TYPOLOGY OF RESEARCH

 Research can be classified in many different ways on the basis of the methodology of research.

The basic types of research are as follows:

• Basic Research

Basic research ( also called pure research, fundamental research ) is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The

main motivation is to expand man's knowledge , not to create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research.

For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions such as- 

• How did the universe begin? 

• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of? 

• How do slime molds reproduce? 

• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?

• Applied Research

Applied research, variously known as action research, operation research, social research, decison-linked research, is a type of research that covers a wide range of social science areas.Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.The goal of the applied scientist is to improve the human condition .

For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to: For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:

• improve agricultural crop production 

• treat or cure a specific disease 

• improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation.

• Evaluative research

 It is concerned with the evaluation of such occurrences as social and organizational programs or interventions. Very often health and family planning activities are implemented for years but never assessed. In such cases, evaluative research can be a valuable approach for examining retrospectively or cross-sectional effects of the program activities. So, Evaluative research attempts to -

•  Assess implemented activities and examine the short term effects of these activities
•  Determine the impact of a program.
•  Evaluate the success of the intervention.
Example, different health programs operated by the Ministry of health and family planning or by World 

health organization.

• Academic Vs Professional Research

• Academic Research- Academic research refers to those researches which are done in educational institutes to get knowledge and degrees. For example, masters or Ph.D. research. Example,  masters or Ph.D. research.

• Professional Research- Professional research refers to that type of research that is done by any consultant farm or person and they are paid for that research. For example, The feasibility study for Padma Bridge.

• Qualitative Vs Quantitative research

• Qualitative research- Understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. Asking a broad question and collecting word-type data that is analyzed searching for themes. This type of research looks to describe a population without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables.

• Quantitative research- Systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. Asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlation, and survey.

 Some research are:

• Scientific Research

• Social Research

• Exploratory research

• Constructive research

• Primary research 

• Secondary research

• Explanatory Research

• Experimental Research 

• Constructive research

• Empirical research

• Experimental Research

• Evaluation Research

• Descriptive Research

• Policy Research

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Definitions of Research

Research definition :

Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods (Babbie, 1998).
See What is Research ?

Research Scholars definition :

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Research ?

What is Research ?

The word ‘research’ perhaps originates from the old French word recerchier that meant to ‘search again’. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods (Babbie, 1998).

Research is-

1.      Search for knowledge.

2.      Any systematic investigation with an open mind to establish noble facts.

3. Solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas or develop new theories.

     See Definitions of Research

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Food Web ?

Food Webs

A food web is made up of interconnected food chains. Most communities include various populations of producer organisms which are eaten by any number of consumer populations. The green crab, for example, is a consumer as well as a decomposer. The crab will eat dead things or living things if it can catch them. A secondary consumer may also eat any number of primary consumers or producers. This non-linear set of interactions which shows the complex flow of energy in nature is more easily visualized in the following diagram.

 In a food web nutrients are recycled in the end by decomposers. Animals like shrimp and crabs can break the materials down to detritus. Then bacteria reduce the detritus to nutrients. Decomposers work at every level, setting free nutrients that form an essential part of the total food web.

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